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Oney "Ona" Judge (1773February 25, 1848) – known as Oney Judge Staines after marriage, was an enslaved African-American servant on George Washington's plantation, Mount Vernon, in Virginia. Beginning in 1789, she worked as a personal servant to First Lady Martha Washington in the presidential households in New York City and Philadelphia. With the aid of Philadelphia's free black community, Judge escaped to freedom in 1796,〔Runaway advertisement, ''The Pennsylvania Gazette'' (Philadelphia), May 24, 1796.〕 and lived as a fugitive slave in New Hampshire for the rest of her life. More is known about her than any other of the Mount Vernon slaves, because she was twice interviewed by abolitionist newspapers in the mid-1840s.〔(Two 1840s interviews with Oney Judge ), President's House, US History. In the interviews, her first name is spelled "O-N-A", but all prior references spell it "O-N-E-Y".〕 ==Youth== She was born about 1773 at Mount Vernon.〔The February 18, 1786 Mount Vernon slave census lists "Oney" as Betty's child and "12 yrs. old". Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., ''The Diaries of George Washington'', vol. 4, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), p. 278.〕 Her mother, Betty, was an enslaved seamstress, and her father, Andrew Judge, was an English tailor and indentured servant. Upon the completion of his indenture, Andrew Judge settled in Alexandria, Virginia, some 11 miles from Mount Vernon. Betty was among the 285 enslaved Africans held by Martha Washington's first husband, Daniel Parke Custis (1711–1757). Following Custis's death, the enslaved Africans part of his estate, held in trust for his children, his widow given the lifetime use of one third of them. Upon Martha's marriage to George Washington in 1759, the Custis children and the dower slaves came with her to Mount Vernon, including Betty and then-infant Austin. The Washingtons had control of the dower slaves, but were not permitted to sell or free them. Oney was described late in life as "nearly white, much freckled."〔(Rev. Benjamin Chase, "1846 interview with Ona Judge Staines" ), ''The Liberator,'' 1 January 1847, at President's House website, US History, accessed 1 April 2012〕 Her family included a half-brother, Austin Judge(born c. 1758), who was about 15 years older, and a younger sister, Delphy Judge (born c. 1779 died December 13, 1831), who in 1800 married William Costin and moved to Washington, D.C. Costin was named as cousin of Mary Simpson (c. 1752-March 18, 1836), of New York in her will. Mary Simpson is recalled in newspaper accounts as a freed slave from Mount Vernon. Under the legal principle of ''partus sequitur ventrem'', incorporated into Virginia colonial law in 1662, the legal status of a child was the same as that of the enslaved mother, no matter who the father was. Because her mother was a dower slave, Oney also was a dower slave, and would remain so for life – along with any children she might have – unless legally freed. At about age 10, Oney was brought to live at the Mansion House at Mount Vernon, likely as a playmate for Martha Washington's granddaughter Nelly Custis. She eventually acted as the personal attendant or body servant to Martha Washington and accompanied her during travel. In an interview when she was nearly 75, Oney Judge Staines said she had received no education under the Washingtons, nor religious instruction.〔( Rev. T.H. Adams, "Washington's Runaway Slave" ), ''The Granite Freeman,'' 22 May 1845, at President's House website, US History.org, accessed 1 April 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Oney Judge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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